D3.js 实际应用:高级数据可视化技术和示例
基础知识
首先,我们需要一个 HTML 文件来导入 D3.js 库并准备一个画布来放置我们的图表。
Getting Started with D3.js Example
创建简单折线图
// Assume we have the following data var data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; // Create an SVG canvas var svg = d3.select("svg"), margin = {top: 20, right: 20, bottom: 30, left: 50}, width = +svg.attr("width") - margin.left - margin.right, height = +svg.attr("height") - margin.top - margin.bottom; // Create x and y scales var x = d3.scaleLinear() .domain(d3.extent(data, d => d)) .range([0, width]); var y = d3.scaleLinear() .domain([0, d3.max(data)]) .range([height, 0]); // Create the x and y axes var xAxis = d3.axisBottom(x), yAxis = d3.axisLeft(y); // Add axis svg.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")") .call(xAxis); svg.append("g") .call(yAxis); // Draw the polyline var line = d3.line() .x(d => x(d)) .y(d => y(d)); svg.append("path") .datum(data) .attr("class", "line") .attr("d", line);
创建条形图
// Suppose we have the following data var data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; // Creating the SVG canvas and scale var svg = d3.select("svg").attr("width", 500).attr("height", 500); var margin = {top: 20, right: 20, bottom: 30, left: 40}; var width = +svg.attr("width") - margin.left - margin.right; var height = +svg.attr("height") - margin.top - margin.bottom; var x = d3.scaleBand().rangeRound([0, width]).padding(0.1); var y = d3.scaleLinear().rangeRound([height, 0]); // Mapping data to scale x.domain(data.map(function(d) { return d; })); y.domain([0, d3.max(data)]); // Creating an SVG g Element var g = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(" + margin.left + "," + margin.top + ")"); // Adding x and y axes g.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(0," + height + ")") .call(d3.axisBottom(x)); g.append("g") .call(d3.axisLeft(y)); // Draw a bar chart g.selectAll(".bar") .data(data) .enter().append("rect") .attr("class", "bar") .attr("x", function(d) { return x(d); }) .attr("y", function(d) { return y(d); }) .attr("width", x.bandwidth()) .attr("height", function(d) { return height - y(d); });
创建饼图
// Suppose we have the following data var data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; // Creating the SVG canvas and scale var svg = d3.select("svg").attr("width", 500).attr("height", 500); var radius = Math.min(svg.attr("width"), svg.attr("height")) / 2; // Creating an arc scale var arc = d3.arc().outerRadius(radius).innerRadius(0); var pie = d3.pie().value(function(d) { return d; }); // Draw a pie chart var g = svg.append("g") .attr("transform", "translate(" + radius + "," + radius + ")"); var arcs = g.selectAll("arc") .data(pie(data)) .enter().append("g") .attr("class", "arc"); arcs.append("path") .attr("d", arc) .attr("fill", function(d, i) { return d3.schemeCategory10[i]; }); arcs.append("text") .attr("transform", function(d) { return "translate(" + arc.centroid(d) + ")"; }) .attr("dy", ".35em") .text(function(d) { return d.data; });
交互性和动画
交互示例:向条形图添加悬停效果
// Assuming that the bar chart base code already exists // ... // Add hover effects g.selectAll(".bar") .on("mouseover", function(event, d) { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("fill", "orange"); // Mouseover color change // Show Data Tips var tooltip = g.append("text") .attr("class", "tooltip") .attr("x", x(d) + x.bandwidth() / 2) .attr("y", y(d) - 10) .text(d); }) .on("mouseout", function(event, d) { d3.select(this) .transition() .duration(200) .attr("fill", "steelblue"); // Restore original color // Remove data tips g.selectAll(".tooltip").remove(); });
动画示例:平滑过渡折线图数据更新
// Assume that there is already a line chart basic code // ... // Update data var newData = [8, 15, 16, 23, 42, 45]; // Update scale domain x.domain(d3.extent(newData)); y.domain([0, d3.max(newData)]); // Update axis g.select(".axis--x").transition().duration(750).call(xAxis); g.select(".axis--y").transition().duration(750).call(yAxis); // Update path var path = g.select(".line"); path.datum(newData).transition().duration(750).attr("d", line);
复杂图:力导向图
力导向图展现了节点和边之间的关系,非常适合可视化网络、社交图等数据。
// Assume we have data on nodes and edges var nodes = [{id: "A"}, {id: "B"}, {id: "C"}]; var links = [{source: nodes[0], target: nodes[1]}, {source: nodes[1], target: nodes[2]}]; // Creating the SVG Canvas var svg = d3.select("svg"), width = +svg.attr("width"), height = +svg.attr("height"); // Creating a Force Simulation var simulation = d3.forceSimulation(nodes) .force("link", d3.forceLink(links).id(function(d) { return d.id; })) .force("charge", d3.forceManyBody()) .force("center", d3.forceCenter(width / 2, height / 2)); // Creating links and nodes var link = svg.append("g") .attr("stroke", "#999") .attr("stroke-opacity", 0.6) .selectAll("line") .data(links) .join("line") .attr("stroke-width", 2); var node = svg.append("g") .attr("stroke", "#fff") .attr("stroke-width", 1.5) .selectAll("circle") .data(nodes) .join("circle") .attr("r", 5) .call(d3.drag() .on("start", dragstarted) .on("drag", dragged) .on("end", dragended)); node.append("title") .text(function(d) { return d.id; }); simulation.on("tick", ticked); function ticked() { link .attr("x1", function(d) { return d.source.x; }) .attr("y1", function(d) { return d.source.y; }) .attr("x2", function(d) { return d.target.x; }) .attr("y2", function(d) { return d.target.y; }); node .attr("cx", function(d) { return d.x; }) .attr("cy", function(d) { return d.y; }); } // Drag event handling function function dragstarted(event, d) { if (!event.active) simulation.alphaTarget(0.3).restart(); d.fx = d.x; d.fy = d.y; } function dragged(event, d) { d.fx = event.x; d.fy = event.y; } function dragended(event, d) { if (!event.active) simulation.alphaTarget(0); d.fx = null; d.fy = null; }
地图可视化
D3.js 可以使用 GeoJSON 等地理数据格式来创建交互式地图。其中包括国家、州、城市边界等。
基本步骤:
d3.json("world.geojson").then(function(geoData) { var svg = d3.select("svg"), projection = d3.geoMercator().scale(130).translate([400, 250]), path = d3.geoPath().projection(projection); svg.selectAll("path") .data(geoData.features) .enter().append("path") .attr("d", path) .attr("fill", "#ccc") .attr("stroke", "#fff"); });
数据绑定和动态更新
**基本步骤:**
var svg = d3.select("svg"), data = [4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; // Initialize the bar chart var bars = svg.selectAll("rect").data(data); bars.enter().append("rect") .attr("x", function(d, i) { return i * 50; }) .attr("y", function(d) { return 300 - d; }) .attr("width", 40) .attr("height", function(d) { return d; }); // Dynamic Updates setInterval(function() { data = data.map(function(d) { return Math.max(0, Math.random() * 50); }); bars.data(data) .transition() .duration(500) .attr("y", function(d) { return 300 - d; }) .attr("height", function(d) { return d; }); }, 2000);
复杂的图表和先进的技术
**高级技术:**